blessedeka.: Another Story of II3231

I think so hard to find suitable words to start this post yet I find nothing. So, hello again! It is my 6th week being in 6th semester of college. Bunch of tasks has already hit me. This project is one of them *sob*. This third project has higher difficulty than other 2 projects. The lecturer asked us to use sensor (whatever it is) in this project. All we need to do is to display the output of the sensor. We can use our monitor, LCD or 7-segment (I have talked about this thing on my previous post). Because I am a diligent student that would like to give my best, I choose 7-segment. Even though it means I have to give more effort. But hey, there is nothing bad for trying more right? So here are tools and materials you need to display output from a sensor. Oh, I chose temperature sensor anyway.

Please make sure you buy LM35 for your temperature sensor cause different type of sensor needs different code and scheme. This is a warning since I bought different type of sensor and we end up borrow the sensor from one of our friend. Thanks Kopunk for saving our life. If you are ready with every tool and material, now you have to follow the scheme below and copy the codes.

/* Arduino 7 Segment Display Thermometer with DS18B20 temp Sensor
   Dev: Vasilakis Michalis // Date: 25/7/2015 // www.ardumotive.com */

//Libraries
#include "SevenSeg.h"
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>

/*---------------DS18B20--------------------*/
// Data wire is plugged into pin 2 on the Arduino
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 2
// Setup a oneWire instance to communicate with any OneWire devices (not just Maxim/Dallas temperature ICs)
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
// Pass our oneWire reference to Dallas Temperature. 
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);

/*---------7 Segment 2 digit display--------*/
//Defines the segments A-G: SevenSeg(A, B, C, D, E, F, G);
SevenSeg disp (10,9,8,7,6,11,12);
//Number of 7 segments
const int numOfDigits =2;
//CC(or CA) pins of segment
int digitPins [numOfDigits]={3,4};

//Variables
int digitL;
int digitR;
int temp;

void setup() {
 sensors.begin();
 //Defines the number of digits to be "numOfDigits" and the digit pins to be the elements of the array "digitPins"
   disp.setDigitPins ( numOfDigits , digitPins );
   //Only for common cathode 7segments
   disp.setCommonCathode();
   //Control brightness (values 0-100);
   disp.setDutyCycle(80);
   
   disp.setTimer (2);
    disp.startTimer ();
}

void loop(){
 //Get temperature  
 sensors.requestTemperatures();  
 temp = sensors.getTempCByIndex(0);
 disp.write(temp,0);
}
ISR( TIMER2_COMPA_vect ){
 disp.interruptAction ();
 }

save this code as Seven Segment Display Thermometer with DS12B20

/*
  SevenSeg v.1.0
  SevenSeg.h - Library for controlling a 7-segment display
  Created by Sigvald Marholm, 02.06.2015.
*/

#include "Arduino.h"
#include "SevenSeg.h"

// Constructor
SevenSeg::SevenSeg(int A,int B,int C,int D,int E,int F,int G){

// Assume Common Anode (user must change this if false)
  setCommonAnode();

// Set segment pins
  _A=A;
  _B=B;
  _C=C;
  _D=D;
  _E=E;
  _F=F;
  _G=G;
  _DP=-1; // DP initially not assigned

// Set all segment pins as outputs
  pinMode(_A, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_B, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_C, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_D, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_E, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_F, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_G, OUTPUT);

// Assume no digit pins are used (i.e. it's only one hardwired digit)
  _numOfDigits=0;

_colonState=_segOff; // default off
  _aposState=_segOff; // default off
  _colonSegPin=-1; // -1 when not assigned
  _colonSegLPin=-1; // -1 when not assigned
  _aposSegPin=-1; // -1 when not assigned
  _symbDigPin=-1; // -1 when not assigned

// When no pins are used you need not multiplex the output and the delay is superfluous
  // TBD: Needed for duty cycle control. Add option to differentiate between 0 and 1 digit pins
  _digitDelay=0;
  _digitOnDelay=0;
  _digitOffDelay=0;
  _dutyCycle=100;

// Timer data (default values when no timer is assigned)
  _timerDigit=0;
  _timerPhase=1;
  _timerID=-1;
  _timerCounter=0;
  _timerCounterOnEnd=0;
  _timerCounterOffEnd=0;

_writeInt=0;
  _writePoint=0;
//  _writeFloat=0;
  _writeStr=0;
  _writeMode=' ';

// Clear display
  clearDisp();
}

void SevenSeg::setTimer(int timerID){

/*
  Assigns timer0, timer1 or timer2 solely to the task of multiplexing the display (depending on
  the value of timerNumber).

For an example of a 5 digit display with 100Hz refresh rate and able to resolve duty cycle in
  10%-steps a timing of the following resolution is needed:

1/( 100Hz * 5 digits * 0.1 ) = 200us

It is sufficient, but the brightness should be adjustable to more than 10 values. Hence a
  resolution of 16us is selected by setting the prescaler to 64 and the compare register to 3:

interrupt delay = (64*(3+1))/16MHz = 16us

The timerCounter variable is of type unsigned int having a maximum value of 65535. Incrementing
  this at each interrupt and taking action upon timerCounterOnEnd or timerCounterOffEnd yields
  a maximum delay for something to happen:

max delay for something to happen = 16us * (65535+1) = 1.04s

which should be more than sufficient if you want to be able to look at your display.
*/

_timerID = timerID;

}

void SevenSeg::clearTimer(){

stopTimer();
  _timerID = -1;

}

void SevenSeg::startTimer(){

cli();  // Temporarily stop interrupts

// See registers in ATmega328 datasheet

if(_timerID==0){
    TCCR0A = 0;
    TCCR0B = 0;
    TCNT0 = 0;     // Initialize counter value to 0
    OCR0A = 3;     // Set Compare Match Register to 3
    TCCR0A |= (1<<WGM01);   // Turn on CTC mode
    TCCR0B |= (1<<CS01) | (1<<CS00);  // Set prescaler to 64
    TIMSK0 |= (1<<OCIE0A);   // Enable timer compare interrupt
  }

if(_timerID==1){
    TCCR1A = 0;
    TCCR1B = 0;
    TCNT1  = 0;     // Initialize counter value to 0
    OCR1A = 3;     // Set compare Match Register to 3
    TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM12);   // Turn on CTC mode
    TCCR1B |= (1 << CS11) | (1 << CS10); // Set prescaler to 64
    TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A);   // Enable timer compare interrupt
  }

if(_timerID==2){
    TCCR2A = 0;
    TCCR2B = 0;
    TCNT2  = 0;     // Initialize counter value to 0
    OCR2A = 3;     // Set Compare Match Register to 3
    TCCR2A |= (1 << WGM21);   // Turn on CTC mode
    TCCR2B |= (1 << CS22);   // Set prescaler to 64
    TIMSK2 |= (1 << OCIE2A);   // Enable timer compare interrupt
  }

sei();  // Continue allowing interrupts

// update delays to get reasonable values to _timerCounterOn/OffEnd.
  updDelay();
  _timerCounter=0;

}

void SevenSeg::stopTimer(){
  if(_timerID==0){
    TCCR0B = 0;
  }
  if(_timerID==1){
    TCCR1B = 0;
  }
  if(_timerID==2){
    TCCR2B = 0;
  }
}

void SevenSeg::setCommonAnode(){
  _digOn=HIGH;
  _digOff=LOW;
  _segOn=LOW;
  _segOff=HIGH;
}

void SevenSeg::setCommonCathode(){
  _digOn=LOW;
  _digOff=HIGH;
  _segOn=HIGH;
  _segOff=LOW;
}

void SevenSeg::clearDisp(){

for(int i=0;i<_numOfDigits;i++){
    digitalWrite(_dig[i], _digOff);
  }
  digitalWrite(_A, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_B, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_C, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_D, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_E, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_F, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_G, _segOff);

if(_DP!=-1){ // Clear DP too if assigned
    digitalWrite(_DP, _segOff);
  }

if(_symbDigPin!=-1){
    digitalWrite(_symbDigPin, _digOff);
  }

}

/* OLD METHOD
   This method works, but you have to make a (static) array outside the object and it
   will only be pointed to by this object. That's not very pretty since the object doesn't
   actually contain all the information about the display. Further on you rely on the array
   being declared in a persistent scope and that the user doesn't change it.
*/
void SevenSeg::setDigitPins(int numOfDigits, int *pDigitPins){
  _dig=pDigitPins;
  _numOfDigits=numOfDigits;

for(int i=0;i<_numOfDigits;i++){
    pinMode(_dig[i],OUTPUT);
  }

clearDisp();

// Set the default refresh rate of 100 Hz. If the user wants another refresh rate this
  // would have to be set after the setDigitPins function.
  setRefreshRate(100);
}

void SevenSeg::setDigitDelay(long int delay){
  _digitDelay=delay;
  updDelay();
}

void SevenSeg::setDutyCycle(int dc){
  _dutyCycle=dc;
  updDelay();
}

void SevenSeg::setActivePinState(int segActive, int digActive){
  _digOn = digActive;
  _digOff = !digActive;
  _segOn = segActive;
  _segOff = !segActive;
}

void SevenSeg::setRefreshRate(int freq){
  long int period = 1000000L/freq;
  long int digitDelay = period/_numOfDigits;

if(_symbDigPin!=-1){ // Separate symbol pin in use. One more digit to multiplex across.
    digitDelay = period/(_numOfDigits+1);
  }

setDigitDelay(digitDelay);
}

/*
 * HIGH LEVEL WRITE-FUNCTIONS
 *
 * High-level write functions should work in the following way:
 *
 * writeClock(int aa, int bb) - writes a time in the following format aa:bb (or aa.bb if no colon, or aabb if no dp).
 * writeClock(int aa, int bb, char c) - where char c specifies decimator ("_" for no decimator)
 * writeClock(int bb) or writeClock(int bb,char c) - writes in the format aa:bb (or similar) where aa is deduced from bb.
 * write(int a)
 * write(float a)
 * write(int a, int point)
 * write(char* a)
 *
 * For the timer interrupt mode, the value must simply be stored to a private variable, and printed by interruptAction. For
 * storing, the following is needed:
 *
 * int _writePoint - Stores the fixed point in case of writeFixed is used.
 * int _writeInt - Stores the number for write(int), writeFixed() and writeClock() (convert to only one number bb for clock)
 * float _writeFloat - Stores the float for write(float)
 * char* _writeStr - Stores a pointer to a string to be written. This pointer must be maintained outside the class
 * String _writeStrObj - Stores a string object to be written.
 * char _writeMode - Describes which writing function/mode is used:
 *    i - write(int)
 *    f - write(float)
 *    p - writeFixed()
 *    s - write(char* a)
 *    o - write(String)
 *    : - writeClock() with colon as decimator
 *    . - writeClock() with period as decimator
 *    _ - writeClock() with no decimator
 *
 * Further on, all functions should be using timer if _timerID!=-1. If not, the should multiplex through the
 * display once and rely on the function being placed in a loop.
 *
 * Perhaps the write int/float functions need a separate private parsing function to extract the digits? Here's the algorithm:
 *
 *   if num > (10^_numOfDigits-1) or num < (-10^_(numOfDigits-1)+1) // Store these values in object during digit pin assignment to save computation?
 *     Display a positive or negative overload
 *
 *   else display can handle number
 *
 *     num = 2468       // example
 *     digit_0 = num / (10^(_numOfDigits-1))   // 2
 *     digit_1 = (num / (10^(_numOfDigits-2)))%10  // 4
 *     i_th_digit = (num / (10^(_numOfDigits-1-i)))%10  // 6 and 8 for i=2 and 3
 * 
 *     IMPROVED:
 *     num = 2468      // exampmle
 *     digit_0 = num % 10;
 *     num /= 10;
 *     digit_1 = num % 10;
 *     num /= 10;
 *
 * FIXED POINT:
 * write similar to int, but write fp at correct position.
 * num=1234, and fp=0 => 1234 (don't show .)
 * num=1234, and fp=1 => 123.4
 *      num=1234, and fp=4 => 0.123 (option 1, too unpredictable and heavy)
 * num=1234, and fp=4 => 1234 (simply don't show fp as it's invalid)
 *
 */

void SevenSeg::writeClock(int ss){

writeClock(ss/60,ss%60);

}

void SevenSeg::writeClock(int ss, char c){

writeClock(ss/60,ss%60,c);

}

void SevenSeg::writeClock(int mm, int ss){

// Use ':' if assigned, '.' otherwise, or simply nothing if none assigned

if(_colonSegPin!=-1){
    writeClock(mm,ss,':');
  } else if(_DP!=-1){
    writeClock(mm,ss,'.');
  } else {
    writeClock(mm,ss,'_');
  }

}

void SevenSeg::writeClock(int mm, int ss, char c){

if(_timerID==-1){  // No timer assigned. MUX once.

int num = mm*100+ss;

// colon through symbpin? 1 if yes.
    int symbColon = (_symbDigPin!=-1);

for(int i=_numOfDigits-1;i>=0;i--){
      changeDigit(i);
      int nextDigit = num % 10;
      writeDigit(nextDigit);       // Possible future update: don't write insignificant zeroes
      if(c==':' && !symbColon) setColon();
      if((c=='.')&&(i==_numOfDigits-3)) setDP();  // Only set "." in the right place
      num /= 10;
      execDelay(_digitOnDelay);
      if(c==':' && !symbColon) clearColon();
      if(c=='.') clearDP();
      writeDigit(' ');
      execDelay(_digitOffDelay);
    }

if(symbColon && c==':'){
      changeDigit('s');
      setColon();
      execDelay(_digitOnDelay);
      clearColon();
      execDelay(_digitOffDelay);
    }

} else {

_writeMode=c;
    _writeInt=mm*100+ss;

}

void SevenSeg::write(int num,int point){
  write((long int)num, point);
}

void SevenSeg::write(long int num,int point){

if(_timerID==-1){  // No timer assigned. MUX once.

// Compute the maximum positive and negative numbers possible to display
    // (TBD: Move this to a computation done on pin assignments?)
    long int maxNegNum=1;
    for(int i=1;i<=_numOfDigits-1;i++) maxNegNum*=10;
    long int maxPosNum=10*maxNegNum-1;
    maxNegNum=-maxNegNum+1;

// TBD: Change to displaying OL (overload) or ---- or similar?
    if(num>maxPosNum) num=maxPosNum;
    if(num<maxNegNum) num=maxNegNum;

if(point==0){    // Don't display decimal point if zero decimals used
      point=_numOfDigits;          // value if-sentence won't trigger on
    } else {
      point=_numOfDigits-point-1;  // Map number of decimal points to digit number
    }

// TBD: Fix minus

int minus=0;
    if(num<0){
      num*=-1;
      minus=1;
    }

/* USED IN v1.0 - DOESN'T SUPPRESS LEADING ZEROS
    for(int i=_numOfDigits-1;i>=0;i--){
      changeDigit(i);
      int nextDigit = num % 10L;
      if(minus&&i==0) writeDigit('-');
      else writeDigit(nextDigit);       // TBD: Possible future update: don't write insignificant zeroes
      if(point==i) setDP();
      num /= 10;
      execDelay(_digitOnDelay);
      writeDigit(' ');
      clearDP();
      execDelay(_digitOffDelay);
    }
*/

for(int i=_numOfDigits-1;i>=0;i--){
        changeDigit(i);
        int nextDigit = num % 10L;
        if(num || i>point-1 || i==_numOfDigits-1){
            writeDigit(nextDigit);
        } else if(minus){
            writeDigit('-');
            minus=0;
        } else {
            writeDigit(' ');
        }
        if(point==i) setDP();
        num /= 10;
        execDelay(_digitOnDelay);
        writeDigit(' ');
        clearDP();
        execDelay(_digitOffDelay);
    }

} else {  // Use timer

_writeMode = 'p'; // Tell interruptAction that write(int,int) was used (fixed point).
 _writeInt = iaLimitInt(num); // Tell interruptAction to write this number ...
        _writePoint = point; // ... with this fixed point
  }

}

// Extracts digit number "digit" from "number" for use with ia - interruptAction
char SevenSeg::iaExtractDigit(long int number, int digit, int point){

/* OLD VERSION WITHOU ZERO SUPPRESION (v1.0)
  if(number<0){
    if(digit==0) return '-';
    number*=-1;
  }
  for(int i=0;i<_numOfDigits-digit-1;i++) number/=10L;
  return (char)((number%10L)+48L);
*/

long int old_number = number;
  int minus = 0;
  if(number<0){
    number*=-1;
    minus = 1;
  }

if(digit!=_numOfDigits-1){
    for(int i=0;i<_numOfDigits-digit-1;i++) number/=10L;
  }

if(digit>point-1 || digit==_numOfDigits-1 || number!=0) return (char)((number%10L)+48L);
  else {
    if(iaExtractDigit(old_number,digit+1,point)!='-' && iaExtractDigit(old_number,digit+1,point)!=' ' && minus) return '-';
    else return ' ';
  }

//  else if(iaExtractDigit(old_number,digit+1,point)=='-' && minus) return '-';
//  else if(iaExtractDigit(old_number,digit+1,point)!=' ' && iaExtractDigit(old_number,digit+1,point)!='-' && minus) return '-';
//  else ' ';
/*
  else if(iaExtractDigit(number,digit+1,point)=='0'){
    if(minus) return '-';
    else return ' ';
  } else return ' ';
  */

}

// Limits integer similar to how it's done in write(int,int)
long int SevenSeg::iaLimitInt(long int number){

// TBD: Change to displaying OL (overload) or ---- or similar?
    if(number>maxPosNum) number=maxPosNum;
    if(number<maxNegNum) number=maxNegNum;

return number;

}

void SevenSeg::write(int num){
  write((long int)num);
}

void SevenSeg::write(long int num){

if(_timerID==-1){  // No timer assigned. MUX once.

write(num,0);

} else {  // Use timer

_writeMode = 'i'; // Tell interruptAction that write(int) is used.
 _writeInt = iaLimitInt(num); // Tell interruptAction to write this int
  }

}
/*
void SevenSeg::writeDisplay(int A,int B,int C,int D,int colon){

// Rewrite. Take caution to properly shut down all symbols for the duty cycle control.
  // This can be done by turning off the digit rather than the symbol, but that does not
  // work for symbols not connected to any digit (i.e. hardwired). Hence it should happen
  // at a segment level.x

int digits[4];
  digits[0]=A;
  digits[1]=B;
  digits[2]=C;
  digits[3]=D;
  for(int i=0;i<_numOfDigits;i++){

if(_digitOnDelay!=0){  // delayMicroseconds(0) yields a large delay for some reason. Hence the if-sentence.
      changeDigit(i);
      writeDigit(digits[i]);
      //if(colon) setColon();
      delayMicroseconds(_digitOnDelay); // TBD: change to execDelay()
    }
    if(_digitOffDelay!=0){  // delayMicroseconds(0) yields a large delay for some reason. Hence the if-sentence.
      changeDigit(' ');
      //writeDigit(' ');
      //clearColon();
      delayMicroseconds(_digitOffDelay);// TBD: change to execDelay()
    }
  }
}
*/
void SevenSeg::write(char *str){

if(_timerID==-1){  // No timer assigned. MUX once.

int i=0;
    int j=0;
    clearColon();
    while(str[i]!='\0'){
      changeDigit(j);
      writeDigit(str[i]);
      if(str[i+1]=='.'){
        setDP();
        i++;
      }
      execDelay(_digitOnDelay);
      writeDigit(' ');
      clearDP();
      execDelay(_digitOffDelay);
      i++;
      j++;
    }

} else {  // Use timer
 _writeMode = 's'; // Tell interruptAction that write(char*) is used.
 _writeStr = str; // Tell interruptAction to write this string
  }

}

void SevenSeg::write(String str){

if(_timerID==-1){  // No timer assigned. MUX once.

int i=0;
    int j=0;
    clearColon();
    while(i<str.length()){
      changeDigit(j);
      writeDigit(str[i]);
      if(str[i+1]=='.'){
        setDP();
        i++;
      }
      execDelay(_digitOnDelay);
      writeDigit(' ');
      clearDP();
      execDelay(_digitOffDelay);
      i++;
      j++;
    }

} else {  // Use timer

_writeMode = 'o'; // Tell interruptAction that write(String) is used.
 _writeStrObj = str; // Tell interruptAction to write this string
  }

}

void SevenSeg::write(double num, int point){
    for(int i=0;i<point;i++) num*=10;
    long int intNum = (long int) num;
    double remainder = num - intNum;
    if(remainder>=0.5 && num>0) intNum++;
    if(remainder<=0.5 && num<0) intNum--;
    write(intNum,point);
}

void SevenSeg::write(double num){

if(num>maxPosNum) num=maxPosNum;
    if(num<maxNegNum) num=maxNegNum;

int point=0;
    if(num<0&&num>-1){
      while(num*100<=maxPosNum && num*100>=maxNegNum && point<_numOfDigits-2){
        num*=10;
        point++;
      }
      if((int)num==0){
        point++; // The minus sign will disappear
      }
    } else if(num>0&&num<1){
      while(num*100<=maxPosNum && num*100>=maxNegNum && point<_numOfDigits-1){
        num*=10;
        point++;
      }
    } else {
      while(num*10<=maxPosNum && num*10>=maxNegNum){
        num*=10;
        point++;
      }
    }

// Implementing correct round-off
    double rest=num;
    if(rest<0) rest*=-1;
    rest=rest-(long int)rest;
    if(rest>=0.5&&num>0) num++;
    if(rest>=0.5&&num<0) num--;

if(_timerID==-1){

write((long int)num,point);

} else { // user timer

// Adapting to another format
      point=point+1-_numOfDigits;

_writeMode='f';
      _writePoint=-point;
      _writeInt=(long int)num;

}
}

void SevenSeg::updDelay(){

// On-time for each display is total time spent per digit times the duty cycle. The
  // off-time is the rest of the cycle for the given display.

long int temp = _digitDelay;  // Stored into long int since temporary variable gets larger than 32767
  temp *= _dutyCycle;   // Multiplication in this way to prevent multiplying two "shorter" ints.
  temp /= 100;    // Division after multiplication to minimize round-off errors.
  _digitOnDelay=temp;
  _digitOffDelay=_digitDelay-_digitOnDelay;

if(_timerID!=-1){
    // Artefacts in duty cycle control appeared when these values changed while interrupts happening (A kind of stepping in brightness appeared)
    cli();
    _timerCounterOnEnd=(_digitOnDelay/16)-1;
    _timerCounterOffEnd=(_digitOffDelay/16)-1;
    if(_digitOnDelay==0) _timerCounterOnEnd=0;
    if(_digitOffDelay==0) _timerCounterOffEnd=0;
    _timerCounter=0;
    sei();
  }
}

void SevenSeg::interruptAction(){

// Increment the library's counter
  _timerCounter++;

// Finished with on-part. Turn off digit, and switch to the off-phase (_timerPhase=0)
  if((_timerCounter>=_timerCounterOnEnd)&&(_timerPhase==1)){
    _timerCounter=0;
    _timerPhase=0;

writeDigit(' ');

// If a write mode using . is used it is reasonable to assume that DP exists. Clear it (eventhough it might not be on this digit).
    if(_writeMode=='p'||_writeMode=='.'||_writeMode=='s'||_writeMode=='f') clearDP();
    if(_writeMode==':') clearColon();

}

// Finished with the off-part. Switch to next digit and turn it on.
  if((_timerCounter>=_timerCounterOffEnd)&&(_timerPhase==0)){
    _timerCounter=0;
    _timerPhase=1;

_timerDigit++;

//if(_timerDigit>=_numOfDigits) _timerDigit=0;
    if(_timerDigit>=_numOfDigits){
      if(_symbDigPin!=-1 && _timerDigit==_numOfDigits){  // Symbol pin in use. Let _timerDigit=_numOfDigits be used for symbol mux.
      } else { // Finished muxing symbol digit, or symbol pin not in use
        _timerDigit=0;
      }
    }

if(_timerDigit==_numOfDigits) changeDigit('s');
    else changeDigit(_timerDigit);
//    writeDigit(_timerDigit);

if(_writeMode=='p'||_writeMode=='f'){ // Fixed point writing (or float)
      writeDigit(iaExtractDigit(_writeInt,_timerDigit,_writePoint));
      if(_writePoint==_timerDigit) setDP();
    }

if(_writeMode=='i'){ // Fixed point writing
      writeDigit(iaExtractDigit(_writeInt,_timerDigit,_numOfDigits));
    }

if(_writeMode==':'||_writeMode=='.'||_writeMode=='_'){

// colon through symbpin? 1 if yes.
      int symbColon = (_symbDigPin!=-1);

if(_timerDigit==_numOfDigits){ // Symbol digit
        setColon();
      } else {
        writeDigit(iaExtractDigit(_writeInt,_timerDigit,_numOfDigits));
        if(_writeMode==':' && !symbColon) setColon();
        if((_writeMode=='.')&&(_timerDigit==_numOfDigits-3)) setDP();  // Only set "." in the right place
      }

}

if(_writeMode=='s'){

// This algorithm must count to the correct letter i in _writeStr for digit j, since the two may be unmatched
      // and it is impossible to know which letter to write without counting
      int i=0; // which digit
      int j=0; // which digit have it counted to
      while(_writeStr[i]!='\0' && j<_timerDigit){
        if(_writeStr[i+1]=='.'){
          i++;
        }
        i++;
        j++;
      }      
      writeDigit(_writeStr[i]);
      if(_writeStr[i+1]=='.') setDP();

}

if(_writeMode=='o'){

// This algorithm must count to the correct letter i in _writeStr for digit j, since the two may be unmatched
      // and it is impossible to know which letter to write without counting
      int i=0; // which digit
      int j=0; // which digit have it counted to
      while(i<_writeStrObj.length() && j<_timerDigit){
        if(_writeStrObj[i+1]=='.'){
          i++;
        }
        i++;
        j++;
      }      
      writeDigit(_writeStrObj[i]);
      if(_writeStrObj[i+1]=='.') setDP();

}

/*
  // If we're in the on-part of the cycle and has counted as many interrupts corresponding to one on-phase
  if((_timerCounter>=_timerCounterOnEnd) && (_timerPhase==1)){
    _timerCounter=0; // Reset the library's counter
    _timerPhase=0;      // Switch to off-phase

// Turn off this digit
    writeDigit(' ');

}

// Similar for the off-phase.
  if((_timerCounter>=_timerCounterOffEnd) && (_timerPhase==0)){
    _timerCounter=0;
    _timerPhase=1;

// Turn on the next digit
    _timerDigit++;
    if(_timerDigit>=_numOfDigits){
      _timerDigit=0;
    }
    changeDigit(_timerDigit);
    writeDigit(_timerDigit);

}
*/
}

/*
void SevenSeg::setDigitPins(int numOfDigits, int *pDigitPins){

if(_numOfDigits>0){
//    delete [] _dig;
    free(_dig);
  }

_numOfDigits = numOfDigits;

//  _dig = new int[numOfDigits];
  _dig = (int*)malloc(_numOfDigits * sizeof(int));

//  memcpy(_dig, pDigitPins, numOfDigits);
  for(int i=0;i<_numOfDigits;i++){
    _dig[i]=pDigitPins[i];
  }

}
*/
void SevenSeg::changeDigit(int digit){

// Turn off all digits/segments first.
  // If you swith on a new digit before turning off the segments you will get
  // a slight shine of the "old" number in the "new" digit.
  clearDisp();
  digitalWrite(_dig[digit], _digOn);

}

void SevenSeg::changeDigit(char digit){

if(digit=='s'){
    // change to the symbol digit
    clearDisp();
    digitalWrite(_symbDigPin, _digOn);
    digitalWrite(_colonSegPin, _colonState);
    digitalWrite(_colonSegLPin, _colonState);
    digitalWrite(_aposSegPin, _aposState);
  }

if(digit=' '){
    clearDisp();
  }

}

void SevenSeg::setDPPin(int DPPin){

_DP=DPPin;
  pinMode(_DP, OUTPUT);

}

void SevenSeg::setDP(){

digitalWrite(_DP, _segOn);

}

void SevenSeg::clearDP(){

digitalWrite(_DP, _segOff);

}
/*
    void setDPPin(int);
    void setDP();
    void clearDP();

Characters: Colon, apostrophe, comma(DP), randomly assignable symbols?
Most symbols can be confined to one character, but colon should be able to assign in two parts (UC and LC).
Yet two colons are also present on some displays. And on some displays, colons and apostorphes are treated as a separate digit using an additional common cathode/anode.

I've decided to treat the symbols in the following way

DP is assigned as an eight segment for each digit, as this is the only way I've seen it done. Simple.
  I want the functions setDPPin(int), setDP(), clearDP(). DP should be cleared at each changeDigit (i.e. in ClearDisp?)
  In the parsing function it should be possible to write "1.2.3.4.".

Colon are treated in many different ways on many different displays. I want a function setColonPin() that are overloaded
  and take most of the case. setColon() and clearColon() should turn it on or off. I'll explain the scenarios, and the syntax:

Colon may be split in two parts UC (upper colon) and LC (lower colon) or colon may be hardwired as one LED

1. Colon has its own cathodes and anodes. Ground the cathode if common cathode or tie anode to supply in case of common anode. 
       Syntax: setColonPin(segPin) where segPin is the other pin. In this case the colon needs not be multiplexed. If split segment pin
       for UC/LC, the user joins them together. setColon()/clearColon() writes directly to segmentPin.
    2. UC/LC is joined together using its own segment pin, and shares common anode/cathode with one of the digits.
       Syntax: setColonPin(segPin,digPin). The function will detect at what digit to type the colon based on digitPin, and store this in colonDigU and
       colonDigL. If no digit is tied to digitPin issue an error. colonState is a private member variable being set or cleared by setColon()/clearColon().
       writeDigit() checks colonState when on colonDigU or colonDigL digits and writes accordingly.
    3. UC shares common anode/cathode digit pin with one of the digits, while LC shares with another digit. They are the same segment pin.
       Syntax: setColonPin(segPin,digLPin,digUPin). This works in the same way as above, except that different values are stored to DigU and DigL.
    4. UC and LC are treated like seperate segments on a new "symbol" digit pin(!). In these cases there is usually also an apostrophe (A) segment.
       The UC and LC segments should be joined together into one segment (C).
       Syntax: setSymbolPin(SegCPin,SegAPin,digPin) digPin will be stored to symbDigPin, and the multiplexing must occur over one additional digit.
       This implies modification to i.e. setRefreshRate, setDigitDelay and maybe other functions. All functions must be checked.

Members needed in class:

private:
        colonState ; // _segOn or _segOff.
 aposState; // _segOn or _segOff.
        colonDigU; // Which digits to activate colon at (one digit for UC and one for LC)
 colonDigL; // colonDigU==colonDigL==-1 means that it is treated as a separate digit, case 1 or 4. (check negative numbers for int)
 symbDigPin; // If the colon is on a separate digit pin the symbol digit pin number is stored here. Otherwise, it is -1. Non-zero values imply more muxing.
        colonSegPin;
 aposSegPin;
      public:
 setColonPin(int);
        setColonPin(int,int);
 setColonPin(int,int,int);
        setSymbPin(int,int,int,int);
        setColon();
        clearColon();
 setApos();
 clearApos();

The parsing function should parse colon to off except when any colon present in string. Same with apostorphe. I.e. "34:07". I initially wanted to have support for two
  colons since you need that on a watch. However, I've settled on only one colon since there are almost none display available with two colons. If I find one, and will
  use one, I will simply duplicate the colon stuff in my class.

Actually, cases 1, 2 and 3 can be joined together! The colon can be turned on irrespective of what digits they are on (at least as long as there are only one colon).
  This simplifies the class:

private:
        colonState; // _segOn or _segOff.
 aposState; // _segOn or _segOff.
 symbDigPin; // If the colon is on a separate digit pin the symbol digit pin number is stored here. Otherwise, it is -1. Non-zero values imply more muxing.
        colonSegPin;
 aposSegPin;
      public:
 setColonPin(int);
        setSymbPin(int,int,int,int);
        setColon();
        clearColon();
 setApos();
 clearApos();

void SevenSeg::setColonPin(int colonPin){
  _colonSegPin=colonPin;
  pinMode(_colonSegPin,OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(_colonSegPin, _colonState);
}

void SevenSeg::setSymbPins(int digPin, int segUCPin, int segLCPin, int segAPin){
  _colonSegPin=segUCPin;
  _colonSegLPin=segLCPin;
  _aposSegPin=segAPin;
  _symbDigPin=digPin;
  pinMode(_colonSegPin,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_colonSegLPin,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_aposSegPin,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_symbDigPin,OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(_colonSegPin, _colonState);
  digitalWrite(_colonSegLPin, _colonState);
  digitalWrite(_aposSegPin, _aposState);
}

/*
The functions for setColon(), clearColon(), setApos(), clearApos() directly sets or clears the
segment pins if no symbol pin is assigned. Since no symbol pin is assigned colon (apos isn't set) has
a separate segment pin "Colon" and shares a digit pin with one or two other digits 
(in case it is split into UC and LC). In this case it makes sense to control it just like other
segments; by setting and clearing the segment pin with setColon() or clearColon() after the correct
digit is selected with changeDigit(). Compare with setDP()/clearDP(). Furthermore, it is not necessary
to identify WHICH digit the colon segments apply for since, if colon is turned on, one may simply switch
on the segment pin for all digits. Nothing will be tied to the colon segment pin for other digits than
those it applies to, hence it is sufficient to initialize this kind of hardware with setColon(int colonPin).
Sometimes, a colon is present as one or two complete stand-alone LEDs. In this case, the can be wired
up into one of these configurations to work.

In the other main case, a separate symbol pin is assigned for colon and apostrophe. This is actually an
additional digit pin which must be muxed across. The segment pins are shared with other segments such as
A-G. This is a compact way of allowing many symbols (colon and apostrophe) while only adding one more pin.
This configuration is programmed with setSymbPins(int digPin, int segUCPin, int segLCPin, int segAPin),
where digPin is the symbol digit pin and the other pins are the pins used for segment UC, LC and apos.
If colon is present as one segment only, segUCPin and segULPin can be the same value. Sometimes, colon
and apostorphe are present as stand-alone diodes with their own cathodes and anodes not being connected
to anything else. In this case, join their cathodes or anodes (in case of common cathode or anode respectively)
and connect their other terminal to one segment pin each to make the mentioned configuration.
The behaviour set/clear behaviour of these digits are a bit different in this case. The set/clear-funciton
only sets a flag to on or off. In order to type the characters you must mux to the symbol digit by issuing
changeDigit('s'). This function will light up the appropriate symbols in accordance with the flags.
*/

void SevenSeg::setColon(){
  _colonState=_segOn;
  if(_symbDigPin==-1){
    digitalWrite(_colonSegPin, _segOn);
  }
}

void SevenSeg::clearColon(){
  _colonState=_segOff;
  if(_symbDigPin==-1){
    digitalWrite(_colonSegPin, _segOff);
  }
}

void SevenSeg::setApos(){
  _aposState=_segOn;
  if(_symbDigPin==-1){
    digitalWrite(_aposSegPin, _segOn);
  }
}

void SevenSeg::clearApos(){
  _aposState=_segOff;
  if(_symbDigPin==-1){
    digitalWrite(_aposSegPin, _segOff);
  }
}

void SevenSeg::writeDigit(int digit){
  
  // Turn off all LEDs first to avoid running current through too many LEDs at once.
  digitalWrite(_A, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_B, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_C, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_D, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_E, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_F, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_G, _segOff);
  
  if(digit==1){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==2){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==3){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==4){
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==5){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==6){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==7){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
  }
 
  if(digit==8){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==9){
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
  }
  
  if(digit==0){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }
  
}

void SevenSeg::writeDigit(char digit){

// Turn off all LEDs first. Run writeDigit(' ') to clear digit.
  digitalWrite(_A, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_B, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_C, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_D, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_E, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_F, _segOff);
  digitalWrite(_G, _segOff);

if(digit=='-'){
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='\370'){ // ASCII code 248 or degree symbol: '°'
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

// Digits are numbers. Write with writeDigit(int)
  if(digit>=48&&digit<=57)  writeDigit(digit-48);

// Digits are small caps letters. Capitalize.
  if(digit>=97&&digit<=122) digit-=32;

if(digit=='A'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='B'){
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='C'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='D'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='E'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='F'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='G'){
/*
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
    // TBD: Really write G like a 9, when it can be written as almost G?
*/
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='H'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='I'){
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='J'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='K'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='L'){
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='M'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='N'){
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='O'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='P'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='Q'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='R'){
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='S'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='T'){
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='U'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='V'){
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='W'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='X'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='Y'){
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_C, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_F, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }

if(digit=='Z'){
    digitalWrite(_A, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_B, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_D, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_E, _segOn);
    digitalWrite(_G, _segOn);
  }
}

void SevenSeg::execDelay(int usec){

if(usec!=0){ // delay() and delayMicroseconds() don't handle 0 delay

if(usec<=16383) delayMicroseconds(usec); // maximum value for delayMicroseconds();
    else  delay(usec/1000);

}

save this code as SevenSeg.cpp

/*
  SevenSeg v1.1
  SevenSeg.h - Library for controlling a 7-segment LCD
  Created by Sigvald Marholm, 02.06.2015.
*/

#ifndef SevenSeg_h
#define SevenSeg_h

#include "Arduino.h"

class SevenSeg
{

public:

// Constructor
    SevenSeg(int,int,int,int,int,int,int);

// Low level functions for initializing hardware
    void setCommonAnode();
    void setCommonCathode();
    void setDigitPins(int,int *);
    void setActivePinState(int,int);
    void setDPPin(int);
    void setColonPin(int);
    void setSymbPins(int,int,int,int);

// Low level functions for printing to display
    void clearDisp();
    void changeDigit(int);
    void changeDigit(char);
    void writeDigit(int);
    void writeDigit(char);
    void setDP();
    void clearDP();
    void setColon();
    void clearColon();
    void setApos();
    void clearApos();

// Low level functions for controlling multiplexing
    void setDigitDelay(long int); // Should I have this function?
    void setRefreshRate(int);
    void setDutyCycle(int);

// High level functions for printing to display
    void write(long int);
    void write(int);
    void write(long int,int);
    void write(int, int);
    void write(char*);
    void write(String);
    void write(double);
    void write(double num, int point);
    void writeClock(int,int,char);
    void writeClock(int,int);
    void writeClock(int,char);
    void writeClock(int);

// Timer control functions
    void setTimer(int);
    void clearTimer();
    void interruptAction();
    void startTimer();
    void stopTimer();

// To clean up
//  void setPinState(int); // I think this isn't in use. Its called setActivePinState?
//  int getDigitDelay(); // How many get-functions should I make?

private:

// The pins for each of the seven segments (eight with decimal point)
    int _A;
    int _B;
    int _C;
    int _D;
    int _E;
    int _F;
    int _G;
    int _DP; // -1 when decimal point not assigned

// Variables used for colon and apostrophe symbols
    int _colonState; // Whether colon is on (_segOn) or off (_segOff).
    int _aposState; // Whether apostorphe is on (_segOn) or off (_segOff).
    int _colonSegPin;
    int _colonSegLPin;
    int _aposSegPin;
    int _symbDigPin;

/* The colon/apostrophe handling needs some further explanation:
     *
     * colonSegPin is the segment pin for colon. I.e. some displays have a separate segment for colon on one of the digits.
     * others have colon split across two digits: i.e. the upper part has a separate segment on one digit, whereas the lower
     * part has uses the same segment pin but on another digit. It is assumed that this segment pin is only used for colon,
     * and it is stored into colonSegPin by setColonPin(int). The functions setColon() and clearColon() turns on/off this pin,
     * respectively.
     *
     * On some displays, colon is one or two separate free-standing LED(s) with its own cathode and anode. In case of common
     * cathode, ground the cathod and treat the anode(s) as a segment pin. The other way around in case of common anode. This
     * should make the method described above applicable.
     *
     * On other displays, the upper colon part, the lower colon part, as well as an apostrophe, shares segments with the usual
     * segments (i.e. segments A, B and C) but is treated as a separate symbol digit that must be multiplexed along with the
     * other digits. In this case the function setSymbPins(int,int,int,int) is used to assign a pin to that digit, stored in
     * symbDigPin. The pin corresponding to the upper colon segment is stored in colonSegPin, whereas the lower colon segment
     * is stored in colonSegLPin. aposSegPin holds the segment pin for the apostrophe. symbDigPin being unequal to -1 is an
     * indication for multiplexing-related functions that it must multiplex over _numOfDigits+1 digit pins. In this case, the
     * setColon(), clearColon(), setApos() and clearApos() does not directly influence the pin, but the variable colonState and
     * aposState. In this case, the digit must be changed to the symbol digit by issuing changeDigit('s') in order to show the
     * symbols.
     */

// The pins for each of the digits
    int *_dig;
    int _numOfDigits;

// Timing variables. Stored in microseconds.
    long int _digitDelay;  // How much time spent per display during multiplexing.
    long int _digitOnDelay;  // How much on-time per display (used for dimming), i.e. it could be on only 40% of digitDelay
    long int _digitOffDelay;  // digitDelay minus digitOnDelay
    int _dutyCycle;  // The duty cycle (digitOnDelay/digitDelay, here in percent)
    // Strictly speaking, _digitOnDelay and _digitOffDelay holds redundant information, but are stored so the computations only
    // needs to be made once. There's an internal update function to update them based on the _digitDelay and _dutyCycle

void updDelay();
    void execDelay(int); // Executes delay in microseconds
    char iaExtractDigit(long int,int,int);
    long int iaLimitInt(long int);

// Sets which values (HIGH or LOW) pins should have to turn on/off segments or digits.
    // This depends on whether the display is Common Anode or Common Cathode.
    int _digOn;
    int _digOff;
    int _segOn;
    int _segOff;

// Variables used by interrupt service routine to keep track of stuff
    int _timerDigit;  // What digit interrupt timer should update next time
    int _timerPhase;  // What phase of the cycle it is to update, i.e. phase 1 (on), or phase 0 (off). Needed for duty cycling.
    int _timerID;  // Values 0,1,2 corresponds to using timer0, timer1 or timer2.
    long int _timerCounter;  // Prescaler of 64 is used since this is available on all timers (0, 1 and 2).
    // Timer registers are not sufficiently large. This counter variable will extend upon the original timer.
    // and increment by one each time.
    long int _timerCounterOnEnd; // How far _timerCounter should count to provide a delay approximately equal to _digitOnDelay
    long int _timerCounterOffEnd; // How far _timerCounter should count to provide a delay approximately equal to _digitOffDelay

// What is to be printed by interruptAction is determined by these variables
    long int _writeInt;  // Holds the number to be written in case of int, fixed point, or clock
    int _writePoint;  // Holds the number of digits to use as decimals in case of fixed point
//    float _writeFloat;  // Holds the float to write in case of float. OBSOLETE: Float are converted to fixed point
    char *_writeStr;  // Holds a pointer to a string to write in case of string
    char _writeMode;  // 'p' for fixed point, 'i' for integer, 'f' for float, ':'/'.'/'_' for clock with according divisor symbol
    String _writeStrObj;

};

#endif

save this code as SevenSeg.h

We found scheme and codes above from http://www.instructables.com/id/Seven-Segment-Display-Thermometer-Arduino-Based/?ALLSTEPS. We thought it would be easy at first because the steps seemed easy and all we have to do is copying only right? So have big faith in starting this third project.

But we were failed at our first try. We have used so many jumper cables and it was so messy (messier than second project). Still we failed. It seemed because we need things called 'gate' so that we would able to connect two cables in to one pin. Maybe we don't really understand how breadboard work. So we asked some of our friend, did this and that. And....still failed. Were we giving up at this point?

Of course no. We are so cool that we will not give up that easily. We are not that lame. Seeing that weird output on the 7-segment, we started to assume that we did something wrong with our code. So, we checked the code, changed every code that seemed wrong and uploaded to Arduino. And....

We.....still....failed.... you might think that we gave up, don't you? We were still not giving up and check the series again. We plugged and unplugged the cables, changed the code, uploaded the codes, changed the code header, did this and that and, still failed. It's been more than an hour doing this project. We were tired and hungry at the same time. And we were....stressed out. *insert twenty one pilots-stressed out song here*.

I am kind of person that believe you have to eat when you are hungry. You have to stop every activity you are doing. I even always wake up in the middle of my sleep just because I am hungry. People can die because of starving. Because I love myself too much, I won't let myself die starving :) nice thinking isn't it? I know I know, I have great responsibility in taking care of myself. I am such a good role model right? Lol no, but seriously. We were starving that day and we could not think anymore. Yet, the deadline was so close. Yet again, we still got plenty tasks that we have to finish too. So we moved on yet not giving up. We planned to display out the output of our temperature sensor using serial monitor only he he he. It is still valid, right? It is way more easier than using 7-segment. Oh, just in case you wonder. We were not using LCD because we thought we could make it with 7-segment and at that time, the store has already closed so we can not but any LCD. And because the deadline is ahead, we have no choice anymore huhuhu. Then we unplugged all the cables and components, passionately.

So here are tools and materials for displaying output from temperature sensor in serial monitor. Oh, and also the code and scheme.

/*
SparkFun Inventor's Kit 
Example sketch 07

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Use the "serial monitor" window to read a temperature sensor.

The TMP36 is an easy-to-use temperature sensor that outputs
  a voltage that's proportional to the ambient temperature.
  You can use it for all kinds of automation tasks where you'd
  like to know or control the temperature of something.

More information on the sensor is available in the datasheet:
  http://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Temp/TMP35_36_37.pdf

Even more exciting, we'll start using the Arduino's serial port
  to send data back to your main computer! Up until now, we've 
  been limited to using simple LEDs for output. We'll see that
  the Arduino can also easily output all kinds of text and data.

Hardware connections:

Be careful when installing the temperature sensor, as it is
  almost identical to the transistors! The one you want has 
  a triangle logo and "TMP" in very tiny letters. The
  ones you DON'T want will have "222" on them.

When looking at the flat side of the temperature sensor
  with the pins down, from left to right the pins are:
  5V, SIGNAL, and GND.

Connect the 5V pin to 5 Volts (5V).
  Connect the SIGNAL pin to ANALOG pin 0.
  Connect the GND pin to ground (GND).

This sketch was written by SparkFun Electronics,
with lots of help from the Arduino community.
This code is completely free for any use.
Visit http://learn.sparkfun.com/products/2 for SIK information.
Visit http://www.arduino.cc to learn about the Arduino.

Version 2.0 6/2012 MDG
*/

// We'll use analog input 0 to measure the temperature sensor's
// signal pin.

const int temperaturePin = 0;

void setup()
{
  // In this sketch, we'll use the Arduino's serial port
  // to send text back to the main computer. For both sides to
  // communicate properly, they need to be set to the same speed.
  // We use the Serial.begin() function to initialize the port
  // and set the communications speed.

// The speed is measured in bits per second, also known as
  // "baud rate". 9600 is a very commonly used baud rate,
  // and will transfer about 10 characters per second.

Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
  // Up to now we've only used integer ("int") values in our
  // sketches. Integers are always whole numbers (0, 1, 23, etc.).
  // In this sketch, we'll use floating-point values ("float").
  // Floats can be fractional numbers such as 1.42, 2523.43121, etc.

// We'll declare three floating-point variables
  // (We can declare multiple variables of the same type on one line:)

float voltage, degreesC, degreesF;

// First we'll measure the voltage at the analog pin. Normally
  // we'd use analogRead(), which returns a number from 0 to 1023.
  // Here we've written a function (further down) called
  // getVoltage() that returns the true voltage (0 to 5 Volts)
  // present on an analog input pin.

voltage = getVoltage(temperaturePin);

// Now we'll convert the voltage to degrees Celsius.
  // This formula comes from the temperature sensor datasheet:

degreesC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100.0;

// While we're at it, let's convert degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit.
  // This is the classic C to F conversion formula:

degreesF = degreesC * (9.0/5.0) + 32.0;

// Now we'll use the serial port to print these values
  // to the serial monitor!

// To open the serial monitor window, upload your code,
  // then click the "magnifying glass" button at the right edge
  // of the Arduino IDE toolbar. The serial monitor window
  // will open.

// (NOTE: remember we said that the communication speed
  // must be the same on both sides. Ensure that the baud rate
  // control at the bottom of the window is set to 9600. If it
  // isn't, change it to 9600.)

// Also note that every time you upload a new sketch to the
  // Arduino, the serial monitor window will close. It does this
  // because the serial port is also used to upload code!
  // When the upload is complete, you can re-open the serial
  // monitor window.

// To send data from the Arduino to the serial monitor window,
  // we use the Serial.print() function. You can print variables
  // or text (within quotes).

Serial.print("voltage: ");
  Serial.print(voltage);
  Serial.print("  deg C: ");
  Serial.print(degreesC);
  Serial.print("  deg F: ");
  Serial.println(degreesF);

// These statements will print lines of data like this:
  // "voltage: 0.73 deg C: 22.75 deg F: 72.96"

// Note that all of the above statements are "print", except
  // for the last one, which is "println". "Print" will output
  // text to the SAME LINE, similar to building a sentence
  // out of words. "Println" will insert a "carriage return"
  // character at the end of whatever it prints, moving down
  // to the NEXT line.

delay(1000); // repeat once per second (change as you wish!)
}

float getVoltage(int pin)
{
  // This function has one input parameter, the analog pin number
  // to read. You might notice that this function does not have
  // "void" in front of it; this is because it returns a floating-
  // point value, which is the true voltage on that pin (0 to 5V).

// You can write your own functions that take in parameters
  // and return values. Here's how:

// To take in parameters, put their type and name in the
    // parenthesis after the function name (see above). You can
    // have multiple parameters, separated with commas.

// To return a value, put the type BEFORE the function name
    // (see "float", above), and use a return() statement in your code
    // to actually return the value (see below).

// If you don't need to get any parameters, you can just put
    // "()" after the function name.

// If you don't need to return a value, just write "void" before
    // the function name.

// Here's the return statement for this function. We're doing
  // all the math we need to do within this statement:

return (analogRead(pin) * 0.004882814);

// This equation converts the 0 to 1023 value that analogRead()
  // returns, into a 0.0 to 5.0 value that is the true voltage
  // being read at that pin.
}

// Other things to try with this code:

//   Turn on an LED if the temperature is above or below a value.

//   Read that threshold value from a potentiometer - now you've
//   created a thermostat!

We got the scheme and source code above from https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/sik-experiment-guide-for-arduino---v32/experiment-7-reading-a-temperature-sensor. After uploading the code, you have to click on "tools" and choose Serial Monitor for displaying the output. So here are the result from our team.

Well, I guess that's all for my third project. Au revoir! Anyway, please forgive my messy grammar :""")

a third year colleger,

Eka Theresia Kartika Suri

18214012

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21.2.17

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